S. Syngman Rhee. Wanting to unify the two Koreas under his rule, Rhee was a hard line anticommunist who saw no room for compromise or middle ground, considering all left wing groups and opponents of his regime to be communists. Nebosh Past Exam Papers. This viewpoint was shared by American Military Government leader John R. Hodge. With American military backing, Rhee launched repressive counter insurgency campaigns in the 1. South Korea into a state of virtual civil war prior to the official outbreak of war between the North and the South. The Korean Wars origin is rooted in the era of Japanese colonialism. Japan had colonized Korea in 1. Pan Asian doctrine, claiming that its destiny was to help uplift Asia and prevent Western colonial exploitation. Emulating the practices of the West, the Japanese built up Koreas transportation infrastructure and nascent industrial capacities, while promoting divide and rule tactics by ruling through native collaborators among the old bureaucracy and landed elites. The system was marked by pronounced social inequality, labor exploitation, rural poverty, and draconian police tactics. Japanese rule formally came to an end in Korea in September 1. At the Potsdam conference in late July, Allied leaders failed to agree on a plan for administering Korea after the surrender of the Japanese. President Truman hoped that the Japanese would surrender before the Soviet Union entered the war in Asia, thus giving the U. S. and Great Britain a free hand in reconstructing governments in Korea, Japan, and China in the postwar period. However, the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan on August 9, 1. U. S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. The following day, Secretary of State James Byrnes directed the State War Navy Coordinating Committee to draw up a proposal for dividing Korea into separate zones controlled by the Soviet Union and the United States. The committee delegated the task to Colonels C. H. Bonesteel and Dean Rusk, who drew the line at the 3. The proposal was designed to limit the Soviet advance into Korea, as Soviet troops were poised on the Korean border and U. S. troops were 6. Surprisingly, Stalin accepted the proposal, no doubt expecting his compromise to be reciprocated in other matters. Soviet troops entered Korea on August 1. Pyongyang on August 2. Two weeks later, on September 8, U. S. forces arrived in southern Korea. The former World War II allies each put into place a government that maintained close ties with its foreign patron. As the Cold War intensified, the idea of forming a unified Korean government faded or put another way, both the South and North Korean governments sought to unify the country under their own authority. The Chinese revolution, which pitted the U. S. backed forces of Jiang Jieshi against the Soviet backed forces of Mao Zedong, exacerbated tension. Maos victory in October 1. U. S. that communism would sweep across Asia. By this time, both U. S. and Soviet troops had been officially withdrawn from Korea. Yet a sizable group of U. S. military advisors remained to train and participate in South Korean counterinsurgency operations while in North Korea, Soviet advisers remained at least to the battalion level and possibly as far down as company level. The communist victory in China also led the Truman administration to supply military aid to the French in Vietnam beginning in February 1. Although couched in the language of anti communism and protection of the free world, it became clear to many in the Third World that the U. S. had chosen to align with French imperialism against the rising tide of nationalist revolutions in Asia and Africa. Many Koreans yearned for a major social transformation following the era of Japanese colonial rule and, like other people in decolonizing nations, looked to socialist bloc countries as a model. Americans, unfortunately, were conditioned to view the world in Manichean Cold War terms and thus never developed a proper understanding for the appeal of revolutionaries such as Kim Il Sung. North Korea experienced a genuine social revolution in the years 1. The liberating aspects of this social revolution, however, were compromised by the establishment of a repressive police state as well as a personality cult around Kim II Sung, much like those surrounding Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong. Still, North Korea was not the puppet of the Soviet Union or China that Americans imagined. The DPRKs crowning achievement was an expansive land reform campaign that was far less bloody than its counterparts in China and North Vietnam. According to U. S. Army intelligence, the land reform program made 7. Under the terms of the March 5, 1. Japanese government and Japanese nationals was confiscated along with land belonging to Korean landlords in excess of five chongbo roughly twelve acres and land rented out by landlords. Debts were also canceled. Nearly all of the confiscated land, which amounted to 9. North Korea thus created a socialist economy in which major industries were under state control while most land was held by private households. Based on the Maoist ideal of a society organized on the basis of collective social needs, Kims regime gained further support by promoting labor laws limiting working hours and providing collective bargaining rights as well as advancing womens rights, passing laws to secure free rights in marriage and outlawing dowry exchange and child marriage. An editorial in a local newspaper asserted in 1. North Korean woman today has been completely freed from subordination, domination, subservience and exploitation. The DPRK invested considerable resources into education, propaganda and culture as an important vehicle in mobilizing support for the regime. Over one hundred writers had migrated from the South. Outside observers spoke of a cultural renaissance of native folk dancing, music, literature and drama. A nascent film industry was developed that celebrated the nationalist struggle against Japan.